1a, right panel). As such, the target–target similarity rather enhance visual processing of T2, leading to a more probable recovery. Thus it is not all activity within a given area that correlates with consciousness, only some types of activity. Our choice of a threshold of 0.15 was arbitrary and had little to no effect when compared to only removing zero variance features. Sha, L. et al. In order to bias the EEG to local cortical sources (Gevins, 1987) the EEG was transformed into a Laplacian derivation by comparing the activity at each electrode with its four immediate neighbours. At a constant level of discrimination performance, the only difference between seeing and not seeing motion was the level of activation in V5 (Zeki and ffytche, 1998). There is another way to use this ‘bootstrapping’ approach. Taken together, these studies show that a location-specific cue enhances comparison independently of the horizontal advantage, while a location-nonspecific cue produces a different type of attentional set that does not enhance comparison in horizontal configurations. Z., Anzellotti, S., Schwarzbach, J., Zampini, M. & Caramazza, A. Category-specific organization in the human brain does not require visual experience. The inter-subject average EP for high contrast gratings. We then averaged the similarity for hit and miss trials separately. New, J., Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J. Category-specific attention for animals reflects ancestral priorities, not expertise. Other studies have argued for a correlate of consciousness in which fronto-parietal networks play no part. Furthermore, we find a facilitating interaction effect between targets, increasing the probability to recover T2. (b) Mean (±SD) grating duration for each trial in the fMRI session. The right of the figure shows regions differentially activated or suppressed by Yes and No trials at P < 0.05 uncorrected within the region of interest defined by Yes trials. The feature selection was done by calculating the variance across samples in the training data (important to note that the test data was never part of the feature selection) and remove features with near-zero variance from both training and test data. Our experiments further enabled us to explore the importance of T1–T2 similarity. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. A negative slow wave was present for Yes trials but not No or Catch trials, maximal over the left parietal lobe [see Fig. Since our paradigm did not involve a spatial cue or any trial-to-trial differences in the location of the stimulus, it would seem unlikely that the enhanced occipital activity found at 100 ms was attentional in nature. Due to copyright reasons, all photos except for the faces (which were photographed by one of the authors but have been anonymised) have been replaced by representational images. Here, we go beyond using predetermined categories as a proxy for feature similarity and examined the representational distance between images within a given layer of the DCNN.
In fact, all three regions accounted for more than 83% of the scalp field, with the V1 foci explaining more of the variance than either of the other two candidate generators (V1 85.3%; medial occipital lobe 84.6%; LO 83.6%). The same trial design was used for training and EP sessions with different timing parameters. 5a). Ritchie, J. http://caffe.berkeleyvision.org/model_zoo.html, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protcy.2014.09.007, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12135-3, Combined Neural Tuning in Human Ventral Temporal Cortex Resolves the Perceptual Ambiguity of Morphed 2D Images. It is important to note that by looking at the differences between Lag-8 and Lag-2, effectively baselining each image with its own Lag-8 performance, our results cannot be explained by differential effects of masking. Activations or suppressions in the random effect model were considered significant at P < 0.01 uncorrected. Chen and Cave (2019) showed that facilitation in visual comparison tasks that had previously been attributed to object-based attention could more directly be explained as facilitation in comparing two shapes that are configured horizontally rather than vertically. (Ress et al., 2000) (see Catch trial responses in Fig. ADS Each square was then inverted and randomly assigned to a new square position. The larger effect size for the similarity factor indicates that visual features over semantic relevance determine behaviour. Firstly, the enhancement of EP activity at ~100 ms relates to a ‘spotlight’ of spatial attention—the direction of attention to a particular location in the visual field. Neuron 60, 1126–1141 (2008). Luck, S. J., Vogel, E. K. & Shapiro, K. L. Word meanings can be accessed but not reported during the attentional blink. Because accumulating evidence points to similarities between both overt and covert orienting.