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[3] Therefore, bias usually occurs for other reasons. “It is interesting to me that schools ‘teach ethics’ any number of places across the curriculum, but don’t stop to think (at an institutional level) about how the college or university’s own ethical choices implicitly teach students as well,” she wrote in an email. Blume-Kohout, Kumar and Sood [4] investigated whether federal R&D life science funding was a complement or a substitute for non-federal R&D funding. To the extent that citations may be interpreted as a reflection of the significance of each publication, we can treat the citation count as a relative quality-adjusted measure of knowledge production. The researchers noted that the only other study on COI in GMO studies that exists aside from the two previously mentioned is one that itself had a COI. Objectivity, the ability to report study results without personal bias, is an important consideration when conducting research. In Fig 5 we compare the median cost of publications across subsets of universities defined by their research intensity and control (i.e., public or private). Industry isn’t always the culprit. As Fig 1 illustrates, their shares of total U.S. research expenditures, Ph.D.s awarded and postdoctoral researchers hovered around 90–95 percent, although their share of non-federally funded research expenditures was somewhat lower at about 87 percent. We begin with the growth of funding and personnel.

PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, Recent studies have documented rising inequality among scientists across the academic world (38, 39).

To control for project quality they estimate the causal effects of a successful grant application through a regression discontinuity design that exploits the fact that funded and unfunded proposals with similar priority scores are comparable in quality. These regressions confirm that there is a positive and relatively strong association between both the quantity of federal and non-federal R&D funding an institution receives and the subsequent production of chemical knowledge. All Rights Reserved Click here. Shown is the cumulative amount of funding received in NWO and ERC competitions (vertical axis) as a function of the number of years elapsed since the early career grant competition (horizontal axis). For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click

In Table 5 we report the second stage coefficient estimates for the knowledge production function for the full sample and for each subset of institutions. They then used panel regressions for a subset of universities with complete data to estimate the elasticity of publications or citations relative to funding. The mismatch in classification across the different sources used in our analysis suggests that attempting to analyze these fields separately would likely cause more problems than it solves. The year effects (At) included in the regressions capture temporal changes in knowledge output controlling for faculty and funding inputs. In 2011 the federal government supported nearly $40 billion dollars of university research and development (R&D) activities. But some studies are funded by organizations that stand to benefit from a particular result. Empirical testing of the Matthew effect, however, has been hampered by the possibility that observed cumulative differences in achievement are instead the gradual manifestation of unequal academic promise, which can only be imperfectly measured. “It’s not dirty money, it’s clean money to do basic research,” Siegel said. A classic explanation is that academic achievement exhibits a “Matthew effect”: Early successes increase future success chances. 241 18th Street South, Suite 501 On Dec. 15, researchers at the Institut Sophia Agrobiotech in France published a follow-up study examining 672 articles on GMOs: “We found that, compared to the absence of COI, the presence of a COI was associated with a 50 percent higher frequency of outcomes favorable to the interests of the GM crop company.”.


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